如何识读原理图？
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">无论是AMM SDS，还是SSM手册里，都有很多系统原理图。如何能读懂这些原理图呢？</span><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">翻译一篇文章：《How to Read a Schematic》</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-read-a-schematic/all</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 21px; color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">目 录 / </span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178);"><strong>Contents</strong></span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">1 | </span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">概述</span></strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong>1.1 | 推荐阅读</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">2 | 原理图符号（第一部分）</span></strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong>2.1 | 电阻</strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong>2.2 | 电容</strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">2.3 | 电感</strong></strong></span>
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<strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">2.4 |<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></strong></strong><strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">开关</strong></strong></strong></strong>
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<strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">2.5 | </strong></strong>电源</strong></strong></strong></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">3 | 原理图符号（第二部分）</span></strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong>3.1 | 二极管</strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong>3.2 | 晶体管</strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">3.3 | 数字逻辑门</strong></strong></span>
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<strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">3.4 | 集成电路</strong></strong><strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></strong></strong></strong></strong>
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<strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">3</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">.5 | 其他</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">4 | 名称和数值</span></strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);">5 | 原理图识读</span></strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong>5.1 | 网络、节点和标签</strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px;"><strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">5.2 | 原理图阅读技巧</strong></strong></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong><span style="font-size: 21px;">1 | </span></strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 21px;">概述</span></strong><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">原理图是我们设计、开发和排除电路故障的地图。理解如何阅读和理解电路图对于任何电子工程师来说都是一项重要的技能。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">本教程将使你能完全识读原理图！我们将复习所有基本的原理图符号：</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">然后我们会讨论这些符号，是如何在电路图上连接起来，以创建一个电路模型。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">我们还会介绍一些小窍门和技巧。</span><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>1.1 |</strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"> 推荐阅读</span></strong><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px;">原理图识读是一项相当基本的电子技能，但在阅读本教程之前，有一些基本知识你应该知道。看看这些教程，如果它们看起来在你大脑中是空白的。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">什么是电？</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">什么是电路？</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">电压、电流、电阻和欧姆定律</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong><span style="font-size: 21px;">2 | </span></strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 21px;">原理图符号（第一部分）</span></strong><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">你准备好迎接电路元件的冲击了吗？下面是一些标准化的基本原理图元件符号。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>2.1 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电阻</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电阻是最基本的电路元件和符号。示意图上的电阻通常由几条之字形线表示，两个端子向外延伸。使用国际符号的原理图可以用没有特征的长方形代替波浪线。</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">可变电阻和滑动电阻：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">可变电阻和滑动电阻都是在标准电阻符号上增加了一个箭头。可变电阻仍然是一个双端设备，所以箭头只是斜放在了中间。滑动电阻是一个三端装置，因此箭头成为第三端(滑块)。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>2.2 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电容</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">有两种常用的电容器符号。一个符号代表极化电容器(通常是电解或钽)，另一个符号代表非极化电容器。它们都有两个终端，垂直地插入板中。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">带有一个<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">弧形</span>板的符号表示电容极化了。弧形板通常代表电容的阴极，其电压应低于阳极引脚。在极化电容符号的正面引脚上也应加上正号。</span><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>2.3 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电感</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电感通常由一系列<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">凸起</span>曲线凸起或圈状线圈表示。国际符号是将电感器定义为填充矩形。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>2.4 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">开关</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">开关有许多不同的形式。最基本的开关(单刀/单掷开关)是两个端子，其中一条半连接的线代表作动机构(将两个端子连接在一起的部分)。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">多<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">掷</span>的开关，像下面的SPDT和SP3T，给<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">作动</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">机构</span>增加了更多的触点。</span><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">具有多刀的开关，通常是有多个相同的开关，其虚线与中间<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">作动</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">机构</span>相交。<br></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>2.5 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电源</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">正如你有许多选项可以为设备供电一样，有多种电源电路符号可以帮助指定电源。</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">直流和交流电源</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">大多数时候，当你使用电子设备时，你会使用恒压电源。我们可以用这两个符号中的一个来定义电源是直流还是交流电:</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电池</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">电池，不管是圆柱形，碱性AA还是可充电的锂电池，符号都是一对长短的平行线：</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">线的对数越多，表示串联电池就越多。另外，较长的线通常用来表示正极，较短的线连接负<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">极</span>。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong>电压节点</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">有时候----<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">特别是在非常</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">紧密</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">的示意图上——可以为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">节点<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">电压</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">指定特殊符号</span>。你可以把设备连接到这些单端符号上，它们会直接连接到<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">5V、3.3V、VCC或GND（接地）</span>。正电压节点通常由指向上的箭头表示，而接地节点通常包括一到三条水平直线(有时是指向下的箭头或三角形)。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong><span style="font-size: 21px;">3 | </span></strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 21px;">原理图符号（第二部分）</span></strong><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>3.1 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">二极管</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">基本的二极管通常用一个压在直线上的三角形来表示。二极管也是有极性的，因此两个引脚都需要可识别的标识符。正极、阳极连接三角形一边的引脚。负极，阴极是从符号延伸出引脚(认为它是一个<strong>|</strong>符号)。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">有各种不同类型的二极管，这些二极管都是在标准二极管符号上增加了一个特殊的重复标记。发光二极管（LED）用一对指向别处的线来增加二极管符号。由光（基本上是微小的太阳能电池）产生能量的光电二极管，将箭头翻转并指向二极管。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">其他特殊类型的二极管，比如肖特基二极管或者齐纳二极管，都有自己的符号，只是在符号的条形部分略有变化。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>3.2 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">晶体管</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">晶体管，不管是BJT还是MOSFET都可以有两种结构：正掺杂或负掺杂。所以对于每种类型的晶体管，至少有两种方法来绘制它。</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">双极结晶体管(BJTs)</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">BJTs是三端子器件，它们有一个集电极(C)、发射极(E)和一个基极(B)。有两种BJT：NPN和PNP，每种都有自己独特的符号。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">集电极（C）和发射极（E）管脚都相互对齐，但发射极上应该始终有一个箭头。如果箭头指向内部，则为PNP；如果箭头指向外部，则为NPN。一用来记忆的记忆法，就是 </span><span style="font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(171, 25, 66);">NPN</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(171, 25, 66);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">ot<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(171, 25, 66);">p</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">ointing i</span><span style="font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(171, 25, 66);">n</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">.</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
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<strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">金属 - 氧化物半导体场效应管（MOSFET）</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">同BJT一样，MOSFET也有三个引脚，但这里它们被命名为源极、漏极和栅极。同样，这个符号有两种不同的版本，这取决于你有N<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">沟</span>道还是P沟道MOSFET。每种MOSFET类型都有一些常用的符号：</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify;">符号中间的箭头(称为块)定义MOSFET是N<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">沟</span>道还是P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">沟</span>道。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify;">如果箭头指向内意味着它是一个N<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">沟</span>道的MOSFET，如果它指向外意味着它是一个P<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">沟</span>道。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify;">记住:“N是in”(NPN的反义词)。</span><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>3.3 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">数字逻辑门</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">我们的标准逻辑函数，和AND，或OR，非NOT，异或XOR，都有独特的示意符号：</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">向输出中添加圆圈会否定函数，从而创建与非NAND、或非NORs、同或（异或非）XNORs：</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">它们可能有两个以上的输入，但形状应该保持不变(好吧，也许变大一点)，并且仍然应该只有一个输出。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>3.4 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">集成电路</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">集成电路完成了如此独特的任务，而且数量如此之多，以至于并没有给它们一个真正独特的电路符号。通常，一个集成电路是用一个矩形来表示的，其引脚从侧面伸出。每个管脚都应该标上一个数字和一个函数。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">Atmega328微控制器(通常在Arduino上找到)、ATSHA204加密芯片和Attiny45微控制器的原理图符号。</span></em><em><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span></em><em><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">正如你所看到的，这些元件在尺寸和针数上有很大的不同。</span></em></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">由于集成电路是这样一个通用电路符号，因此它的名称、值和标签就变得非常重要。每个IC应该有一个值，精确地标识芯片的名称。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">特殊的集成电路：</span><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">运算放大器，电压调节器</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">一些更常见的集成电路，确实有一个独特的电路符号。你通常会看到如下所示的运算放大器，共有5个端子：一个同相输入端(+)，反相输入端(-)，输出端，和两个电源输入端。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">通常，一个集成电路封装中会内置两个运算放大器，只需要一个引脚供电，一个引脚接地，这就是为什么右边的集成电路只有三个引脚的原因。</span></em></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">简单的电压调节器通常是带有输入、输出和接地(或调整)引脚的三端元件。这些通常采用一个矩形的形状，左边(输入)，右边(输出)和底部(地面/调整)有针脚。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>3.5 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">其他</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">晶体和谐振器</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">晶体或谐振器通常是微控制器电路的关键部分。它们帮助提供时钟信号。晶体符号通常有两个端子，而谐振器，在晶体上加两个电容器，通常有三个端子。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">插孔和插头</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">无论是提供电源，还是发送信息，插头都是大多数电路的要求。根据插头的外观，这些符号会有所不同，下面是一个示例：</span>
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<br>
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<strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">电马达、变压器、扬声器和继电器</span></strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span>
</section>
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<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">我们将这些放在一起，因为它们(大多数)都以某种方式使用线圈。</span>
</section>
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<br>
</section>
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">变压器</span></strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">通常包括两个线圈，彼此相对，并用几条线分开：</span>
</section>
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"></section>
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<br>
</section>
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">继电器</span></strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">通常将线圈与开关配对：</span>
</section>
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<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<br>
</section>
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<strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">扬声器和蜂鸣器</span></strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">的形状通常与现实生活中的相似：</span>
</section>
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<br>
</section>
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<strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">电马达</span></strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">一般都有一个环绕的“M”，有时在端子周围还会有一些装饰：</span>
</section>
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<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<br>
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<strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">保险丝和PTC</span></strong><span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span>
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<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">保险丝和PTC是通常用来限制大电流流入的设备，它们都有自己独特的符号：</span>
</section>
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<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
</section>
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<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">PTC符号实际上是热敏电阻的通用符号，一个与温度有关的电阻器(注意到那里的国际电阻符号了吗?)</span>
</section>
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<br><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span></strong>
</section>
<hr style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.098); transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5);">
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<br>
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<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">毫无疑问，有许多电路符号这里没有列出来，但是上面的那些应该能让你读懂90%的原理图。一般来说，符号应该和它们模拟的现实组件有相当多的共同点。除了符号之外，示意图上的每个组件都应该有一个唯一的名称和值，这进一步有助于识别它。</span>
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<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
</section>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong><span style="font-size: 21px;">4 | </span></strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 21px;">名称和数值</span></strong><br>
</section>
<hr style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.098); transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5);">
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<br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">了解原理图的最大关键之一是能够识别每个元件是什么样的元件。元件符号讲述了故事的一半，但是每个符号都应该与一个名称和数值配对来完成它。</span>
</section>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
</section>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">名字和数值</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
</section>
<section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;">
<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span></strong>
</section>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">值有助于准确定义组件是什么。对于像电阻，电容和电感这样的示意性元件，其数值告诉我们它们有多少欧姆，法拉或亨利。对于其他元件，比如集成电路，这个值可能就是芯片的名字。晶体可以把它们的振荡频率作为它们的数值。基本上，示意图里元件的值反映了它最重要的特性。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">元件名通常是一个或两个字母和一个数字的组合。名称的字母部分标识了元件的类型----R代表电阻，C代表电容，U代表集成电路，等等，示意图上的每个元件名称都应该是唯一的；例如，如果你在一个电路中有多个电阻，它们应该被命名为R1，R2，R3，等等，元件名称帮助我们找到它示意图中的特定位置。</span>
</section>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><br></span>
</section>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">名字的前缀都很标准化。对于某些元件，比如电阻，前缀只是元件的第一个字母。其他名字的前缀不那么直白；例如，电感器是L(因为<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">电流</span>current已经占用了I[但它以C开头)。这是电子一个愚蠢的地方])。<span style=";letter-spacing: 0.544px;;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">下面是常见组件及其名称前缀的快速列表：</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span>
</section>
<center style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal;">
<p style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br>
</p>
<table cellpadding="5" width="677" style="width: 384px;">
<tbody>
<tr align="center" class="firstRow">
<th style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-align: left;">
Name Identifier
</th>
<th style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; border-top-width: 2px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-align: left;">
Component
</th>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
R
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Resistors
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
C
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Capacitors
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
L
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Inductors
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
S
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Switches
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
D
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Diodes
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Q
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Transistors
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
U
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Integrated Circuits
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Y
</td>
<td style="padding: 0px; word-break: break-all;">
Crystals and Oscillators
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br>
</p>
</center>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">虽然这些是元件符号的“标准”名称，但它们并没有得到普遍的遵循。例如，你可能会看到集成电路的前缀是IC而不是U，或者晶体的标签是XTAL而不是Y。用你最好的判断力去判断哪个部分是哪个。符号通常应该传达足够的信息。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong><span style="font-size: 21px;">5 | </span></strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 21px;">原理图识读</span></strong><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">理解原理图上的组成部分是什么，对于理解它来说是一半以上的工作。现在剩下的就是确定，所有符号是如何连接在一起的。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>5.1 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">网络、节点和标签</span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">原理图</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">网</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">络</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">告诉你元件是如何在电路中连接在一起的。</span>网络表示为组件终端之间的线路。有时(但不总是)它们是一种独特的颜色，就像示意图中的绿线：</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">连接点和节点</span><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span></strong>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">导线可以连接两个接线端子，也可以连接几十个。<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">当一根电线分成两个方向时，它会形成一个连接点。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">我们在示意图上用节点来表示连接，在导线的交叉处放置一些小点。</span></span>
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<span style=";font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);;letter-spacing: 0.544px;">节点给了我们一种方式，说明“穿过这个接点的电线是连接的”。一个节点的缺失意味着两条独立的线路只是通过，没有形成任何形式的连接。(在设计原理图时，通常最好尽可能避免<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">这些不相连的重叠</span>，但有时也是不可避免的)。</span>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">网络名称</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">有时，为了使示意图更清晰，我们会给一个网络命名并给它贴上标签，而不是在整个示意图上布满线路。即使没有可见的电线连接，具有相同名称的网络也假定已连接。名字可以直接写在网上，也可以是“标签”，挂在导线上。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 12px;"><em>每个同名的网络都是相连的，就像这个FT231X板的示意图。</em><em>名称和标签有助于防止图表变得过于混乱(想象一下，如果所有这些网实际上是用导线连接)。</em></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">网络通常有一个名字，专门说明信号在那根电线上的用途。例如，电源网络可能标记为“VCC”或“5V”，而串行通信网络可能标记为“RX”或“TX”。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong>5.2 | </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89);">原理图阅读技巧</span></strong>
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<strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">识别模块</span></strong>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">真正可扩展的图表应该划分为功能块。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">可能会有一个电源输入和电压调节部分，或者一个微控制器部分，或者一个专门用于连接器的部分。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">试着识别出哪个部分是哪个</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">，并跟随电路从输入到输出的流程。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">真正优秀的原理图设计师甚至可以把电路布置得像一本书，输入在左边，输出在右边。</span><br>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;">如果原理图的绘制者真的很好(就像为 RedBoard设计原理图的工程师一样)，他们可以将原理图的各个部分分割成逻辑的、有标记的区块。</span></em></span>
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<strong><span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">识别电压节点</span></strong>
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<span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">电压节点是单端原理图元件，我们可以将元件引脚连接到这些端子上，以便将它们分配到特定的电压级别。这些是网络名称的一个特殊应用，意思是所有连接到同名电压节点的终端都连接在一起。</span>
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<span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">类似命名的电压节点，比如GND5V和3.3V都与它们的对应节点相连，即使它们之间没有画出导线。</span>
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<span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">接地电压节点特别有用，因为很多元件都需要接地。</span>
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<strong><span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">参考元件说明书</span></strong><span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span>
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<span style=";;font-size: 12px;;color: rgb(89, 89, 89); letter-spacing: 0.544px;;font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">如果示意图上有什么不合理的地方，试着找到最重要的组件的说明书。通常在电路上工作最多的部件是集成电路，如微控制器或传感器。这些通常是最大的部件，位于示意图的中心。</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(187, 18, 26);"><strong><span style="font-size: 21px;">进阶资源推荐</span></strong></span><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">这就是原理图的全部内容！</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">了解元件符号，沿着线路，识别常见功能模块。</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">理解电路图的工作原理，就能打开电子世界的大门</span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">。看看这些教程，来练习你新发现的原理图知识:</span><br>
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<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong>01.</strong>《Voltage Dividers》</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(178, 178, 178); font-size: 12px;">https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-dividers</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong>02.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">《</span></strong>How to Use a Breadboard？<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">》</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-breadboard</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong>03.</strong>《Working with Wire》</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/working-with-wire</span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong>04.</strong>《Series and Parallel Circuits》</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/series-and-parallel-circuits</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178);"><br></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong>05.</strong>《Sewing with Conductive Thread》</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/sewing-with-conductive-thread</span>
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<span style="color: rgb(54, 54, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 231, 80);"><strong>推荐阅读：</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwNzkyMTg1Mg==&mid=2247486913&idx=1&sn=3511c46dde10662343aa7a54c10aac8c&chksm=9b778412ac000d043e27c9d270a9724b5785d1e509769fb5414b6d22e90e1ec1878f0a357674&scene=21#wechat_redirect" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" hasload="1" style="color: var(--weui-LINK); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); cursor: pointer;">从这7个开关元件入手，你也可以轻松看懂线路图</a></span><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwNzkyMTg1Mg==&mid=2247488684&idx=1&sn=10e36672a5d03b7b8e5bd9652639d749&chksm=9b779d7fac001469661979177981ff130371061a57bae7cd3820b690148db48c22e2ae63b53d&scene=21#wechat_redirect" data-itemshowtype="0" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" hasload="1" style="color: var(--weui-LINK); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); cursor: pointer;">从零开始看懂三极管开关电路</a></span><br>
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<span style="font-size: 15px;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwNzkyMTg1Mg==&mid=2247488660&idx=1&sn=5b4c16d0350a0127582f9d6298236541&chksm=9b779d47ac001451b3285abbb9b07ee0e112d6ad3bc7bb93eb35fbfe1fc1239adb3ea09308fa&scene=21#wechat_redirect" data-itemshowtype="11" tab="innerlink" data-linktype="2" hasload="1" style="color: var(--weui-LINK); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); cursor: pointer;">三极管开关电路，一看就懂</a></span><br>
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</section> https://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_003.png https://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_003.pnghttps://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_003.pnghttps://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_003.pnghttps://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_068.png 说的真好https://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_003.png 高端 不错 学习了 好东西，，收藏了 牛 高端
牛 好东西 犹抱琵琶半遮面 马上收藏起来 :)牛 赞！！！！1！！ 个人感觉这类知识读原文比译文更容易理解和应用，毕竟手册系统基本都是英文。当然，楼主很赞https://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_068.pnghttps://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_068.pnghttps://app.airacm.com/public/emotion/face_068.png
好东西，，收藏了 最关键的是怎么读懂连在一起的网络图，从哪里入手？如何总结其工作原理才是关键 不错 很实用啊 非常不错 真棒，阮工出品，必属精品 太棒了 说的真好:) 马了 受益良多，趕快學起來 无言感激:handshake
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