客机如何秒变「货机」？

ryn_82

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先看一个视频：

随着新冠肺炎疫情在全球各地不断扩散，航空旅行需求几乎停滞，航空公司也纷纷停飞或大幅削减航班计划，造成客机腹舱运力大幅下降。但与此同时，航空货运需求却大幅增长。

为了满足这一需求，近期多家国内外航空公司相继“客改货”。

民航局：引导闲置客机执行货运航班

人民政协网北京3月29日电：为提高我国国际航空货运能力、确保疫情期间国际航空货运供应链稳定，近期民航局主要采取了以下措施：

一是大力增加航空货运运力供给。挪出许多大型机场高峰时刻，供全货机使用，为货运航班计划审批开辟“绿色通道”，鼓励中外航空公司执行货运加班包机，引导闲置客机执行货运航班。

二是鼓励主动对接对外贸易需求。积极引导航空公司与重点外资外贸企业建立沟通联系机制，跟踪掌握行业运输需求，针对个别市场可能出现的运输需求激增等情况，及时安排货运加班包机。

三是持续降低航空物流成本。2019年民航局统筹推进降成本工作，重点下调了全货机的停场费、货物邮件的地面服务费。今年民航局又出台了五个方面16项措施，免征民航发展基金、降低机场收费、空管收费和航空煤油进销差价等方面，积极推进降费减负工作，支持航空物流业的发展。

四是对具有重要战略意义的运输需求，民航局及时启动重大运输任务，着力防范供应链“断链”风险。

国际航空运输协会IATA

国际航空运输协会敦促各国政府通过以下方式消除主要障碍：

• 引入针对货物操作的飞越和着陆许可的快速程序，尤其是在亚洲主要制造中心（中国，韩国和日本）；

• 免除未与公众接触的飞行机组人员的14天检疫要求；

• 在可能有限制的情况下支持货物运营的临时交通权

• 消除经济障碍，例如飞越费用，停机费和航班限制，以支持航空货运运营；

• 取消机场货运航班的运营时间夜间限制，以促进最灵活的全球航空货运网络运营。

https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/#qna-1e59b5bc-fa38-4906-bee9-84fcdbd313d0-

EASA 发布相关指南

Airworthiness aspects for transport of cargo in the passenger cabin of Large Aeroplanes：

In the context of the emergency situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic, EASA has committed to treating projects supporting the collective effort to transport medical supplies and other important goods as efficiently as possible. The following message is intended specifically for Design Organisations and Operators, and offers updated information on airworthiness and certification aspects.

We have developed further guidance on the design change classifications, certification aspects as well as use of Exemptions in accordance with Art. 71.1 of the Basic Regulation 2018/1139 for limited time periods. 

In order to enable an early availability of a transport solution in the frame of the current COVID-19 situation, EASA supports the use of the provisioning of Article 71.1, also for on-going projects, through additional support to National Competent Authorities and operators as required.  

For a permanent use, a design change approval is required.

Transport of medical supplies under a design change approval

Approved Design Organizations may reclassify such modification as “Minor Change” and approve these under their DOA-privileges, allowing for the use of cabin seats when related to the transportation of medical supplies (e.g. masks, gloves, clothing, etc.) provided they are not classified as dangerous goods. This has to be indicated in the approval documents and AFM Supplement.

Since this kind of installation is a change in the scope of operation of the aeroplane, and in the absence of dedicated operational requirements covering this kind of operation, the installation and the procedures for operation have to be addressed taking into account the specific configuration of each aeroplane model affected. 

Transport of other cargo under a design change approval

For transport of cargo other than medical supplies as well as in case removal of seats are necessary to allow fixation of cargo onto the aircraft structure for cargo operation, a Major Change or STC application is required and will be processed by EASA with priority.

While preparing your documentation, please consider the following information:

• For the installation of Cargo Seat Bags the CM-CS-003

• The published Special Condition, can be used as appropriate guidance, also in the frame of Minor Changes. 

• Already approved STC

• Guidelines published by the aircraft manufacturers Airbus (ref.:FOT-999-0028-20-00) and Boeing (ref.: MOM-MOM-20-0239) have been issued.

https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/news/airworthiness-aspects-transport-cargo-passenger-cabin-large-aeroplanes）

波音公司

为支持当前全球抗疫背景下的航空公司运营和防疫物资运输，波音已经向用户发出了一份关于客机载货的指导性文件（MOM-MOM-20-0239-01B），涵盖腹舱载货、客舱载货、座椅上放置、主地板放置等多个方面。同时，波音还在组织一系列在线客户会议，以分享关于客机载货的相关经验。估计明天会有更新。

Boeing provides the following options that are already approved and certified and options that will need further evaluation and approvals.

LOWER CARGO COMPARTMENT CARGO CARRIAGE:

Airlines currently can operate with cargo carried in the lower cargo compartments using existing guidelines.

PASSENGER COMPARTMENT CARGO CARRIAGE EXCLUDING STOWAGE ON PASSENGER SEATS:

Regulations associated with carriage of cargo in passenger compartments is contained in 14 CFR 121.285.  Airlines may operate with cargo carried in approved stowage locations within the passenger compartment. These locations include overhead stowage bins, closets, floor mounted stowage, and under seat stowage areas.

In addition, the following should be observed before carrying cargo in the passenger compartment:

(a) Dangerous goods should NOT be allowed including lithium batteries, oxygen canister, etc., adhere to ICAO guidance for passenger compartments;

(b) Do not stow cargo in areas that are not intended for stowage. Items should not be stowed in lavatories or against bulkheads that are incapable of restraining articles against movement forward, sideways, or upwards and unless the bulkheads carry a placard specifying maximum capacity;

(c) Do not exceed stowage maximum capacity limitations placarded on or adjacent to cargo carriage locations.  All placarded stowage limits apply, especially those areas identified as 'No Stowage'. The mass of cargo should not exceed the structural loading limits of the floor or seats;

(d) Cargo items should be stowed only in a location that is capable of restraining it. Cargo placed in enclosed stowage areas should not be of such size that they prevent latched doors from being closed securely. The number/type of restraint devices and their attachment points should be capable of restraining the cargo in accordance with applicable certification specifications;

(e) Cargo stowage location should be such that, in the event of an emergency evacuation, it will not hinder egress;

(f) Cargo should not be placed where it can impede access to emergency equipment;

(g) Checks should be made before take-off, before landing and whenever the fasten seat belts signs are illuminated and under orders of pilot in command to ensure that cargo is properly stowed.  The cargo cannot impede evacuation from the aircraft or cause injury by falling (or other movement) as may be appropriate to the phase of flight; 

(h) Operations without passengers still require crew members to survey and access all areas of the cabin during all phases of flight.  Any fire that might occur must be discovered and extinguished immediately utilizing existing emergency equipment.  Specific details must be coordinated with local regulatory authorities;  

 

(i) Under seat stowage maximum capacity is 20 lbs.  The seat must be equipped with a restraint bar system and the cargo placed fully underneath the seat;

(j) Cargo packaging should be able to equalize the pressure so that it can handle the Delta Pressure (DP) during flight;

(k) Maintain all smoke and fire detectors per maintenance manual instructions; 

(l) Configure the air conditioning system to the following:

 - Set cabin temperature to 65-67 °F (18.33-19.44 °C)

- Set to maximum number of passengers (if equipped with Passenger Dial) or set packs to Max Flow (if equipped)

ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR CARGO CARRIAGE IN THE PASSENGER COMPARTMENT:

If Airlines seek to carry cargo on passenger seats, Boeing recommends Airlines coordinate with their regulatory agency to ensure compliance with any regulatory restrictions (cargo type, fire suppression, smoke detection, etc.).

Per seat TSO requirements, each passenger seat place is designed for a 170 lbs. person and the seat loads are reacted into the seat tracks. For reference, some of this information can be found in the Weight and Balance Manual.

Carrying cargo on the seat may be possible if the following provisions are met:

a. The seat cargo is less than 170 lbs.

b. The seat cargo is adequately restrained and the restraints are attached to the seat itself and not to adjacent structure or seat track locations.

c. The CG of the cargo is equal to or lower than the passenger CG shown in the Envelope Drawing of the seats in use.

d. All other considerations (regulatory, flammability, fire suppression, flight operations, payloads, etc) are met.

SAE ARP 4049 Cargo Restraint on Aircraft Passenger Seats - Main Passenger Cabin provides basic recommendations for on seat stowage, however, additional restraints connecting directly into the seat tracks, must be further analyzed.

EASA Certification Memorandum CM-CS-003 Issue 01 Installation of Cargo Seat Bags on Passenger Seats provides information on carrying cargo on passenger seats. EASA does not permit cargo seat bags on passenger seats, unless the carrier obtains EASA-approved special conditions.

Boeing has No Technical Objection (NTO) to operating the airplane without passenger seats provided the Airline accounts for all removed equipment in the Airplane weight and balance calculations and that ALL Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and Weight and Balance Manual (WBM) limits are complied with and the Minimum Flight Weight (MFW) is never violated during operations.

This NTO does not represent or imply formal Boeing approval or certification. The operator retains the final responsibility to ensure that the proposed technical, operational and/or procedural change will function as intended without introducing other problems and to coordinate with the appropriate regulatory agency (or agencies) to obtain all necessary approvals if required. NTOs are defined in Boeing Service Letter 777-SL-00- 011-H and 787-SL-00-002-H.  It is the responsibility of the operator to review the Service Letter to ensure conformity to those conditions and to understand the limitations detailed within.

Boeing is evaluating the carriage of cargo on the main deck of passenger airplanes with and without the presence of seats.  This evaluation includes the analysis of cargo restraints connected directly to the seat tracks to ensure structural loads are within design limits. Boeing will provide a status on this work in an update to this MOM by April 3, 2020.

空客公司

空客发布了：FOT-999-0028-20-00。

Since the start of the COVID-19 crisis a large number of passenger aircraft are grounded, inducing a dramatic reduction of the express cargo transport.

In the meantime the demand for humanitarian aid material has increased a lot.

As a result many airlines would like to restart the operation of their aircraft with only cargo on board.

And even if the Airbus aircraft already provides a significant cargo capacity in lower deck, there is a clear trend to try and use the cabin area as well.

Some airlines already started initiatives, but according to the number of technical requests received in the past days, we understand that the operation is not easy to put in place.

How to load the aircraft? How to obtain the approval from airworthiness authorities? What can be done with a passenger aircraft?

Operators require support from aircraft manufacturers and from authorities.

During this session I will

- Explain what aircraft usage is already approved,

- What we could do to enhance the cargo capacity which require an approval from airworthiness authorities

- What is necessary to enable transport of cargo on non approved locations.

Note: this presentation is not dedicated to a particular aircraft type. The principles are the same for all aircraft types.

Apart from the underfloor cargo compartments, the Airbus aircraft already offers several stowage locations in the cabin, which are approved for the transport of items:

- Overhead stowage compartments,

- Underseat space

- Galleys: stowage boxes and trolleys

- Stowage closets

Such spaces already enable an interesting additional capacity:

For example the combined capacity of the overhead compartments, underseat space, and galley compartments is around 4 tons on an A320*, around 10 tons on an A330*.

*values given for information only. Real values depend on the aircraft real cabin layout

With the COVID-19 crisis there is no passenger onboard anymore, releasing a lot of space in the cabin, on the seats themselves. And one can even imagine removing the seats to free the floor area.

Unfortunately such usage of the aircraft cabin is not approved: during the certification of a passenger aircraft there is no requirement to demonstrate that the seats or cabin floor are capable to support cargo loads. This is not considered as a normal use of the aircraft.

From an airworthiness perspective, using the seats or the cabin floor to transport cargo is a significant change in the aircraft operation. The EASA considers that it is a major change and requires to get an formal approval by demonstrating the compliance to relevant airworthiness specifications.

However the regulations offers the possibility to the operator to ask an exemption of the demonstration of certain airworthiness specification in exceptional cases.

So, How to enable the transport of cargo inside the aircraft cabin?

Monday 30th of March Airbus published a Flight Operations Transmission (FOT) in order to provide :

- the manufacturer guidelines for the transport of cargo in the cabin in approved locations,

- additional information to support the approval of transport in not approved locations

This week as well the EASA published guidelines for the National Competent Authorities on how to manage requests in exemption for not approved locations.

The EASA document teaches us that the request in exemption is limited in its usage:

• A period of time: duration of the COVID-19 outbreak or 8 months maximum

• A defined scope: use of cabin seats when related to the transportation of medical supplies (e.g. masks, gloves, clothing,etc.) provided they are not classified as dangerous goods.

• Specific certification requirements:CAT.OP.MPA.160 “Stowage of Baggage and Cargo”

On the contrary other cargo usage such as

- Transport of cargo on the longer term

- Transport of cargo other than medical supplies

- Transport of cargo on the cabin floor

Cannot be exempted from a complete demonstration through a Major MOD approval

Airbus goal is to facilitate the airline operations in particular during this crisis time, but the safety of the flight is not an option and remains the first requirement.

Airbus considers that the requirements published by the EASA shall be fulfilled in the first place.

Therefore Airbus has put in place a task force to investigate and:

- improve the support to Airbus Operators for the exemption process in the case of medical supply transport on cabin seats

- Provide an approved solution for the transport of cargo by applying for a Major MOD

On a priority based approach Airbus published first, through the FOT, the manufacturer requirements essential for the operator to start the exemption process.

The next step is to provide additional guidance, in the coming days, to improve our support to the exemption process

Looking at the EASA guidance material we have identified areas where we can further support:

1. The EASA requires that the exact cargo weight and position is reflected in the operational documentation.

Indeed, the load and trim sheet, whether it is computerized or not, is not designed to account for a cargo load in the cabin. The adaptation of the load control process and/or of the W&B documentation is necessary

2. The EASA requires that the cargo does not exceed the structural loading limits, as published in the weight and balance manual.

Because the loading of cargo was not foreseen until now, the weight and balance manual does not provide all the limitations necessary to demonstrate the compliance. For instance the cabin floor track allowable loads are not published in the WBM.

3. The EASA requires that the Operator sets-up an adequate fire fighting crew and adapted processes.

The Airbus documentation such as the CCOM does not provide relevant information for a cabin empty of passengers.

While the set-up of the fire fighting crew is not linked to manufacturer’s requirement, we intend to provide additional guidance.

For those 3 items The task force intention is to provide a complement to the FOT

Airbus intends also to support the airlines who needs a more permanent/increased cargo capacity in the cabin.

The solution is still under definition but the aim is to provide the mean to secure cargo in the cabin

- easily

- and using existing material already available for cargo transport in lower holds.

The task force goal is to have a solution approval in the coming weeks.

当前主要是A330、B787这些大型宽体机来运输货物：

由于需要拆掉所有客舱座椅，并进行一些防护措施，操作起来不是很便捷。

为了更好的利用主流的B737、A320系列飞机，有国外公司推出了一种座椅货物包：

这种方法不用拆卸座椅，所以也更为方便快捷，目前已经获得了EASA的批准，可在A320飞机上使用。使用这种方法，客机就可以秒变「货机」了。

推荐阅读：

• 空中客车A320座椅货运包：一种新的货物运输方式
  

• CFM56-7B和LEAP-1A 发动机封存视频
  

• CFM56-5A/5B和CF6-80C2/80E1 发动机封存视频
  

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